Trigonometry -- Diagnostic Tests

flowchart TD
    A[Diag Trigonometry] --> B[Key Concepts]
    A --> C[Core Principles]
    A --> D[Practical Applications]
    B --> E[Fundamental definitions]
    C --> F[Design patterns]
    D --> G[Real-world usage]

Trigonometry is the mathematics of circles and triangles — it connects angles to side lengths through sine, cosine, and tangent: The unit circle unifies all trigonometric functions, revealing periodic patterns that model waves, oscillations, and circular motion

Why it matters: Trigonometry is essential for navigation, architecture, music theory, and analyzing any periodic phenomenon

The key insight: The unit circle unifies all trigonometric functions, revealing periodic patterns that model waves, oscillations, and circular motion

Tests edge cases, boundary conditions, and common misconceptions for trigonometry.

Question:

Solve $\sin 2x = \cos x$ for $x \in [0, 2\pi]$.

A student writes: ”$\sin 2x = \cos x \implies 2\sin x \cos x = \cos x \implies \cos x(2\sin x - 1) = 0$. So $\cos x = 0$ or $\sin x = \frac{1}{2}$.”

(a) Complete the student”s working and verify that all solutions are found.

(b) Another student cancels $\cos x$ from both sides at the start, writing $\sin 2x = \cos x \implies 2\sin x = 1$. Explain what is lost.

[Difficulty: hard. Tests the common error of dividing by a factor that could be zero, and ensuring all solutions are found.]

Solution:

(a) From $\cos x(2\sin x - 1) = 0$:

Case 1: $\cos x = 0$ in $[0, 2\pi]$: $x = \frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}$.

Case 2: $2\sin x - 1 = 0 \implies \sin x = \frac{1}{2}$ in $[0, 2\pi]$: $x = \frac{\pi}{6}, \frac{5\pi}{6}$.

All four solutions: $x = \frac{\pi}{6}, \frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{5\pi}{6}, \frac{3\pi}{2}$.

(b) By cancelling $\cos x$The student loses all solutions where $\cos x = 0$Namely $x = \frac{\pi}{2}$ and $x = \frac{3\pi}{2}$. The student would find only two solutions instead of four. Dividing by a quantity that can be zero is only valid if that quantity is confirmed to be non-zero.

Question:

(a) Prove that $\sin^2 x = \dfrac{1 - \cos 2x}{2}$.

(b) A student writes $\sin(2x) = 2\sin^2 x$. Find the correct expression and identify the error.

(c) Find the exact value of $\cos^4\!\left(\dfrac{\pi}{8}\right)$.

[Difficulty: hard. Tests the common confusion between $\sin(2x)$ and $\sin^2 x$ And applies double angle identities.]

Solution:

(a) Using $\cos 2x = 1 - 2\sin^2 x$:

$2\sin^2 x = 1 - \cos 2x \implies \sin^2 x = \frac{1 - \cos 2x}{2}$

(b) The correct expression is $\sin(2x) = 2\sin x \cos x$Not $2\sin^2 x$. The student confused the double angle formula for sine with $\sin^2 x$. These are fundamentally different: $\sin(2x)$ is the sine of double the angle, while $\sin^2 x$ is the square of the sine.

(c) Using the identity $\sin^2 x = \frac{1 - \cos 2x}{2}$:

$\cos^4\!\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right) = \left(\cos^2\!\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)\right)^2$

Using $\cos^2 x = \frac{1 + \cos 2x}{2}$:

$\cos^2\!\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right) = \frac{1 + \cos\frac{\pi}{4}}{2} = \frac{1 + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}{2} = \frac{2 + \sqrt{2}}{4}$

$\cos^4\!\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right) = \left(\frac{2 + \sqrt{2}}{4}\right)^2 = \frac{4 + 4\sqrt{2} + 2}{16} = \frac{6 + 4\sqrt{2}}{16} = \frac{3 + 2\sqrt{2}}{8}$

Question:

Express $3\sin x - 4\cos x$ in the form $R\sin(x - \alpha)$ And hence find the maximum value of $\dfrac{1}{3\sin x - 4\cos x + 5}$.

[Difficulty: hard. Combines harmonic form with function analysis to find the minimum of a reciprocal.]

Solution:

$R = \sqrt{3^2 + (-4)^2} = \sqrt{9 + 16} = \sqrt{25} = 5$

For $3\sin x - 4\cos x = R\sin(x - \alpha)$We need $\tan\alpha = \frac{4}{3}$ (note: the coefficient of $\cos x$ is $-4$ And $\sin(x - \alpha) = \sin x\cos\alpha - \cos x\sin\alpha$ So $R\cos\alpha = 3$ and $R\sin\alpha = 4$).

$\alpha = \arctan\!\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)$

So $3\sin x - 4\cos x = 5\sin\!\left(x - \arctan\!\frac{4}{3}\right)$.

The range of $5\sin(x - \alpha)$ is $[-5, 5]$.

For $\dfrac{1}{3\sin x - 4\cos x + 5}$: the denominator is $5\sin(x - \alpha) + 5 = 5(\sin(x - \alpha) + 1)$.

Since $\sin(x - \alpha) + 1 \in [0, 2]$The denominator $\in [0, 10]$.

The maximum value of the reciprocal occurs when the denominator is at its minimum:

$\text{Maximum} = \frac{1}{0}$

Wait — when $\sin(x - \alpha) = -1$The denominator is $0$Which is undefined. The range of the denominator is $(0, 10]$ So:

$\frac{1}{3\sin x - 4\cos x + 5} \in \left[\frac{1}{10}, \infty\right)$

The maximum does not exist (unbounded). The minimum is $\dfrac{1}{10}$Occurring when $\sin(x - \alpha) = 1$I.e., $x = \alpha + \frac{\pi}{2} + 2n\pi$.

Tests synthesis of trigonometry with other topics.

Question:

(a) Find the exact value of $\displaystyle\int_0^{\pi/2} \sin^2 x\cos^2 x\,dx$.

(b) A student uses the substitution $u = \sin x$ and obtains $\displaystyle\int_0^1 u^2(1 - u^2)\,du$. Complete this calculation.

[Difficulty: hard. Combines trigonometric identities with integration techniques.]

Solution:

(a) Using $\sin^2 x\cos^2 x = \dfrac{\sin^2 2x}{4}$:

$\int_0^{\pi/2} \frac{\sin^2 2x}{4}\,dx = \frac{1}{4}\int_0^{\pi/2} \sin^2 2x\,dx$

Using $\sin^2 2x = \dfrac{1 - \cos 4x}{2}$:

$= \frac{1}{8}\int_0^{\pi/2}(1 - \cos 4x)\,dx = \frac{1}{8}\left[x - \frac{\sin 4x}{4}\right]_0^{\pi/2} = \frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{\pi}{2} = \frac{\pi}{16}$

(b) With $u = \sin x$, $du = \cos x\,dx$When $x = 0$: $u = 0$When $x = \frac{\pi}{2}$: $u = 1$:

$\int_0^{\pi/2} \sin^2 x\cos^2 x\,dx = \int_0^1 u^2(1 - u^2)\,du = \int_0^1 (u^2 - u^4)\,du$

$= \left[\frac{u^3}{3} - \frac{u^5}{5}\right]_0^1 = \frac{1}{3} - \frac{1}{5} = \frac{2}{15}$

Note: this does NOT equal $\frac{\pi}{16}$. The student’s substitution $du = \cos x\,dx$ loses the sign information when $\cos x$ changes sign. The substitution $u = \sin x$ is only valid on intervals where $\cos x \geq 0$Which $[0, \frac{\pi}{2}]$ satisfies. However, the student substituted $\cos^2 x = 1 - u^2$ but the differential gives $du = \cos x\,dx$Not $du = |\cos x|\,dx$. Since $\cos x \geq 0$ on $[0, \frac{\pi}{2}]$This substitution is actually valid, but the computation $\frac{2}{15} \neq \frac{\pi}{16}$ reveals an error: the identity $\sin^2 x \cos^2 x = u^2(1-u^2)$ is correct, but $\int_0^{\pi/2} \sin^2 x\cos^2 x\,dx$ via $u$-substitution should use $du = \cos x\,dx$Giving $\int_0^1 u^2\cos x\,dx$Not $\int_0^1 u^2\,du$. The student incorrectly replaced $\cos x\,dx$ with $du$ while also replacing $\cos^2 x$ with $1-u^2$. This is only correct if we use $du = \cos x\,dx$ But then we can’t also replace the remaining $\cos x$ with $\sqrt{1-u^2}$ unless we are careful about signs.

The correct $u$-substitution: $du = \cos x\,dx$ So:

$\int_0^{\pi/2} \sin^2 x \cos^2 x\,dx = \int_0^1 u^2 \cos x\,du$

But $\cos x = \sqrt{1 - u^2}$ on this interval, so:

$= \int_0^1 u^2\sqrt{1-u^2}\,du$

This is an elliptic integral and does not have an elementary closed form. The correct answer $\frac{\pi}{16}$ comes from the double-angle identity approach, not from this substitution. The student’s error was applying two substitutions simultaneously without accounting for both $\cos x$ factors.

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